Monday, September 30, 2019

Women’s contemporary work

In the United States the labor market is strongly segregated according to sex: there are distinctive men's and women's occupations, jobs, and work tasks. Examples of women's gender-non-traditional occupations are: engineer, manager of a private business, technician, police officer, auto mechanic. This work reveals some of these hidden aspects of women's work. In different ways, the studies reported here point to the pervasiveness of gender as an organizing principle in the world of employment. The first goal of this paper is to identify the systematic and institutionally created and reinforced dimensions of women's work experience. The paper shows how gender affects the ways in which women are included in the labor force, the impact of work technologies, the threat of sexual harassment, government policy toward workers, the accessibility of labor organizations, the ability to protest collectively, and employed mothers' attitudes toward their work lives as related to the division of labor at home. Today the majority of working-age women (18-64) are in the labor force. Single and divorced women tend to have higher labor force participation rates than married or older widowed women, but marital status is having a decreasing effect on women's chances of working for pay. Although giving birth has traditionally been a reason for women to drop out of paid work and begin full-time homemaking, as the labor force participation rate for women has increased, the rate for mothers of young children has increased even faster. By 1983, half of all mothers of two-year-olds were in the labor force, and the proportion of women working increased with the age of the youngest child (Waldman 1983). Over their lifetimes, virtually all women will spend more years in the labor force than as child rearers. Most women, like most men, work as individuals for large or small companies and agencies; the family enterprise has virtually disappeared. The last holdout, the family farm, has largely gone under in the 1980s farm crisis. In 1983, 93 percent of employed women were wage and salary workers, working neither for themselves nor in family businesses, but for companies and businesses. Women workers are important to all industrial sectors. Women are more than 50 percent of the workers in retail trade; finance, insurance, and real estate; and services, particularly entertainment, health, hospitals, elementary and secondary education, welfare, and religion. Only in agriculture, mining, and construction are women less than 20 percent of the workers. Fox and Hess-Biber (1984) have summarized the extensive body of research on women workers: The occupations held by women are concentrated in the secondary labor market – jobs characterized by low wages, poor working conditions, little chance for advancement, lack of stability, and personalized employer/employee relations conducive to arbitrary and capricious work discipline. Although there has been some limited decline in sex segregation since 1970, the work world remains basically segregated into men's jobs and women's jobs. Even the slight decline appears less positive when examined closely: women tend to be able to enter previously male work when those occupations are declining in power and status and males are able to find better jobs elsewhere. On the whole, women have been able to increase their numbers in the labor force because the occupations and industries into which they are segregated have been expanding their need for labor. The barriers to occupational change are extensive, and involve both public and private patriarchy: childhood socialization of boys and girls to want different work, discriminatory practices of career counselors and employment firms, corporate personnel practices, harassment by male coworkers, failure of government to require affirmative action, reluctance of women to face the battles and hostilities that would result from their entering nontraditional work, child care responsibilities, and the refusal or inability of husbands to share housework and child care equally. Women's wages tend to be lower than men's even within the same occupational groupings, whether these are professional subspecialties or blue-collar work. On the whole, women and men do not work in the same occupations. The expansion of women's paid work since World War II has been less in professional or highly paid technical work, and more in service occupations characterized by low pay and lack of promotion opportunities. In some cases the hierarchical relationship of men and women is built directly into the work structure of individuals. The relation of an executive secretary to an executive is that of an â€Å"office wife†. In other cases the hierarchy is occupational. Staff doctors, predominantly male, leave orders for hospital nurses (predominantly female) to carry out. Management of the labor force is a white male prerogative. Although low-level management positions may be filled by women, 96. 5 percent of persons making $50,000 or more in executive, administrative, or managerial positions in the 1980 census were males; 94. 9 percent were white males. Among members of professional specialties making $50,000 or more, 96 percent were male and 90 percent were white males (U. S. Census Bureau 1980). The higher-level managers not only manage the labor force, they also set and carry out the policies and programs of business, public administration, education, medicine, and other fields. Nor does government offer an antidote to disproportionate male power. In 1982, women were only 12 percent of state legislators and 6 percent of mayors; in 1983 they were only 4 percent of the U. S. Congress (U. S. Census Bureau 1985). Promotion tracks tend to require a flow of family work mothers generally lack. Promotion in skilled and semiskilled blue-collar jobs typically depends not on outside schooling but on on-the-job training. Skilled workers such as electricians and plumbers are trained through apprenticeships, many of which require nighttime classes for several years. This may contribute to the fact that women were only 7 percent of registered apprentices in 1991. Semiskilled workers learn their jobs often in training programs that take place in overtime. This means that women are excluded from such training because they are less likely to have a family member available to care for their children (Kemp 247). An increasing amount of control over women's daily labor is held by employers, not husbands. Husbands may willingly accept, even urge, wives to engage in less homemaking and child care in recognition that what women can buy with the money they earn working may be more valuable than what they can produce through their unpaid labor at home. What they can buy depends on what goods and services companies offer; in other words, what employees are paid to do. The goods and services that are produced, the conditions of the work that produces them, and the market relations under which they are offered to clients and customers are all hierarchically ordered. American society is capitalist. The increase of public patriarchy is an increase in the power of corporate managers and the upper class. It is an increase in the power of higher-level men at the expense of the erstwhile privileges of lower-level men. Upper-level men continue to have stay-at-home wives and in addition have women employees, whereas lower-level men have either no wives or working wives and are themselves employees. They obtain goods and services to the extent that the decision-making elite considers the provision of such goods and services to be in the interest of the elite, and to the extent that the men's wage levels or other statuses permit. Although the benefit is largely to the upper-level men, it is not only to them. The jobs of many working women are oriented to giving â€Å"service with a smile,† making life nicer for men at all levels (Hochschild 1983). Examples range from television entertainers, provided free by advertisers to everyone with access to a television set, to airline flight attendants, provided by airlines to those who can afford to fly. It could be said that under public patriarchy, women are provided as a public good for all men. Poorer men who could never afford homemaker wives may now receive the services of working women, albeit at a much lower level. For example, men in some public chronic care hospitals have their beds made and rooms cleaned by women workers. Women's benefit from public patriarchy depends on their economic class and their family status. Although women's wages are well below men's, professional women's wages are higher than unskilled women's wages. Clearly, what can be bought can be bought better by those with more income. The career woman combines freedom and income to a greater extent than other women except those with clear title to inherited wealth. Those who perceive themselves as powerless and fit mainly for motherhood will reject policies and practices connected with public patriarchy. These particulars may be less matters of income and more matters of education and class background. Low-income women may be better off under the programs of the welfare state than under the power of lowincome husbands. Women may get both jobs in the public sector and services from the public sector. Services to low-income people are provided to women as well as men (such as free television or Medicaid hospital beds). Married women at most levels of the class system may enter the welfare system when they become divorced. Compared with husbands, public agencies may be more reliable, more amenable to negotiation, and less likely to become violent while drunk. The increase in working women and the increasing importance of public patriarchy have various implications for men and women. Lower wages and job segregation for women assure the continuation of male domination. Speaking of the relation between women's low wages in public and their subordination in the family, Heidi Hartmann ( 1981b) says, â€Å"The lower pay women receive in the labor market both perpetuates men's material advantage over women and encourages women to choose wifery as a career. Second, then, women do housework, childcare, and perform other services at home which benefit men directly. Women's home responsibilities in turn reinforce their inferior labor market position† (p. 22). Thus public patriarchy continues to uphold private patriarchy even as it undercuts and changes it. Just as women differ from each other, so they share a number of common features almost irrespective of their race, class, and family responsibilities. All women's wages are lower than those of equivalently skilled and qualified men; all women are vulnerable to stereotypical assumptions about their aptitudes and their commitment to work, in particular, about the potential impact of their current or future children upon their work; all women are vulnerable to sexual harassment. Despite the factors which distinguish women from each other, it is still possible to discuss the disadvantages that women suffer as a group. Minority women are differentially affected by the change. Black men and women have always been subject to a patriarchy originating outside of, and destructive to, their family structure. In the early stages of the women's movement some feminists seemed to envy black women their freedom from the private patriarchy of black husbands, without recognizing the oppression they suffered from the public patriarchy of white, male-dominated society. For black women and for other minorities, the family can be both a source of oppression and a protection against the worst excesses of capitalism. It has been suggested that there are very likely to be increased opportunities – in terms of both recruitment and promotion – for women in the field of computing as a consequence of its internal organisational shifts. Commentators are divided as to whether the kinds of social and communication skills which are now seen as critical for such work are attributable to nature or nurture, but are united in thinking that we are more likely to find them in women than in men. Women, typically, are seen as more empathetic, creators of harmony as opposed to hostility, of co-operation. The new technologies associated with computers are being hailed or decried as the basis of a new revolution for women. Women's labor force participation remains high for all ages and marital statuses. But past experience has made it clear that employment in occupations may expand or contract with economic change. There is evidence that the high-tech economy will automate some of the services and clerical work that have been the mainstay of women's employment. One possibility is that decreased employment will send women back into the home. Housewife† has often been a euphemism for â€Å"unemployed,† and may become so to a greater extent. It is not clear, however, that unemployed women will in fact become housewives supported entirely by their husbands (Bose 90). Private patriarchy declined in part because many men did not see a benefit to themselves in supporting a wife. Perhaps unemployed women will become divorced unemployed women. Perhaps they will become welfare mothe rs subject to a particularly important part of the public patriarchy. Perhaps they will find jobs in newly developing industries. All of these changes have taken place within a relatively short space of time. There is no denying that women's employment rights have radically increased in that time. But for all of this, women still earn a great deal less than men (if full-time and part-time women workers are considered together, about 70 per cent of men's hourly wages). Occupational segregation has remained almost constant to date and women are still concentrated, for the most part, at the bottom of the wage hierarchy. A few women have broken through one or more layers of glass ceiling, but the majority remains in jobs which, however demanding and skilled, pay less than those jobs in which men work. The social division of labor is maintained. Women do women's work and men do men's work, both in the home and in the paid work place. Women's work is low paid or unpaid; men's work is higher-paid, enabling men on the whole to buy women's work both at home and in the market. Control over social policies remains in the hands of men.

Sunday, September 29, 2019

Top Pay for Top Performance

Bates, S. (2003). Top pay for top performance. HR Magazine. Berglas, S. (2006). How to keep A players productive. Harvard Business Review. 1. Bates argues that in order to keep top performers satisfied and productive, there should be a substantial difference in the variable pay or merit-based salary increases that top performers and poor performers receive. Based on the available research (which is mentioned in the article), how big of an increase is needed to â€Å"catch anybody’s attention†? (1 point) . Assume that you were hired last year to work in HR for a large corporation. The corporation hired one of your classmates at the same time. Each of you were paid $40,000 in your first year on the job. You are one of the top performers in your company. Your classmate is an average performer. Your boss explains to you that finances are tight because of the recession, and that there is not a lot of money set aside for merit increases. However, your supervisor wants to rewa rd your hard work.Thus, he/she gives you a 4% salary increase compared to your classmate’s 2% increase. (2 points) a. In dollar amounts: i. How much of an annual gross increase did you receive? ii. How much does this amount to per week? iii. How much of an annual gross increase did your classmate receive? iv. How much does this amount to each week? v. How much more than your classmate do you get paid each week after the raises go into effect? b. How motivated are you to continue to perform at a high level? 3.What are the advantages and disadvantages of implementing a variable pay system that is linked to performance? (2 points) 4. Sometimes, the best performers are not motivated by money alone. What is it that some A players want in terms of compensation? (1 point) 5. What does Berglas recommend for keeping â€Å"A players† productive? (1 point) 6. Combine the recommendations from these two articles and create a compensation package for top performers and average perfo rmers. You may be creative, but your package should be realistic and should be motivating. (3 points)

Saturday, September 28, 2019

Summarizing this Pdf to one page plz Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Summarizing this Pdf to one page plz - Essay Example Depending on the ground plane size, a moderate to high efficiency is achieved. The antenna has a small fraction bandwidth of around 1%. As the ground plane size decreases ohmic loss increases and the antenna become more similar to an isotropic radiator. Symmetrically loaded miniaturized slot antenna applies boundary condition at both sides of the slot-line. Under this condition, re-configurability, selection of area with the peak current and variable miniaturization level is possible. Slot antenna uses inductive loadings to maintain the current level in the end of reduced size slot antenna. Since small antennas are narrowband, it is important to increase the bandwidth without compromising efficiency. Comparison between the miniaturized slot and miniaturized folded slot impedances shows an increase by a factor of four in the radiation conductance. Therefore, slotted structures demonstrate higher efficiency and lower losses and are thus preferred whenever a ground plane is

Friday, September 27, 2019

Panic Disorder - Psychology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Panic Disorder - Psychology - Essay Example Taking into consideration the fact that functions such as consciousness, circulation, and respiration are vital for survival, it is unsurprising that particular defenseless people will be hypersensitive to any signs that they will lose consciousness, that they will lose their breath, or that their hearts will stop beating (Root, 2000). Moreover, a number of patients are predominantly terrified of symptoms that signify that they could be losing control over vicious urges directed toward others or themselves (Stein & Hollander, 2002). Likewise, a number of patients are particularly responsive to indications of behavioral or psychological ‘dyscontrol’ due to the probable effects of being hospitalized for ‘wild’ or ‘mad’ behavior, or perhaps shamed for uninhibited behavior (Stein & Hollander, 2002). The patient’s anxiety that a critical organ, such as the brain, lungs, or heart, or behavioral mechanism is about to stop working is a fundamenta l element of the cognitive mechanism of panic disorder (Taylor, 2004). Due to these concerns, patients vulnerable to panic attacks have a tendency to focus their attention on any mental or bodily encounters that are not explainable as normal. A second attribute of panic disorder that challenges clinician and offers a profitable opportunity for the psychologist is the fixation of attention on the idea of an imminent tragedy. The tragedy that they fear subsequent to the start of the attack is not just the development of the panic disorder, but the likelihood of the much serious different explanation of their symptoms; specifically, that at this point it may not be the ordinary panic, but a swiftly grave process or a severe disruption of behavioral or mental functioning (Hurley, 2007). Besides the fixation on inner consciousness, the idea of approaching disaster absorbs the core of the patient’s thoughts and is usually so realistic that the

Thursday, September 26, 2019

Accident Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Accident - Essay Example For days while the driver is facing this terrible situation, his father is calling many friends and community leaders to try to get them help. The father is upset as he believes strongly that the situation is not his son’s fault and he finally finds a lawyer willing to represent the case. The attorney is a respected businessman who is kindly waiting at the courthouse, ready to do his level best to defend the driver. Though glad to have help, it is a very hard day at the court since everyone being seen by the judge is a killer. The driver feels very strongly that he is being compared to very violent criminals by the authorities. Fortunately the judge informs the driver that if he does not get into any kind of legal trouble over the next year, he will not be punished for the accident. This was very good because he is obviously so very nervous that the court will not believe that it was the riders fault. The driver agrees to stay out of trouble for a year which he claims is not much of a problem since he has never been arrested before. What a very lucky driver to have support and not have to go to

Wednesday, September 25, 2019

Sensors Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Sensors - Assignment Example The most common used standards are J, K, T and E. B, S, R and K are used in steel and iron industries. Thermocouples are suitable for measuring high temperature range applications including kilns, gas turbine exhaust, diesel engines and other industrial applications (Pollock, 1991, p. 215) K thermocouples are appropriate for testing temperatures in processing plants such as petroleum refineries and chemical production plants. They are also appropriate for the tests of heating appliance safety. J thermocouples are appropriate for monitoring temperatures in inert materials and vacuum operations. They get oxidized when used for low temperature applications and thus are suitable for high temperature monitoring processes such as manufacture of resins and plastics N thermocouples offer a wide range of temperature and are stable resisting oxidation making suitable for use in high temperature applications. They are used in furnaces, ovens and kilns. They are also used to monitor temperature in engine exhausts and gas turbines. It is the smallest thermocouple consisting of two pieces of dissimilar wires that are held together through a welded bead. The welded bead is easily corroded or oxidized when used with liquids. It relies on a direct connection to an electrical circuit to accurately measure the temperature. They are small with fast response time making them a suitable choice for measuring gas temperature. Has a wire that is housed inside a metallic tube. The metallic tube serves as a sheath and is made up of materials such as stainless steel and Inconel. Inconel supports a higher temperature range while stainless steel is suitable for a wider range of chemical compositions. The tip of the probe may be grounded, ungrounded or exposed. The grounded tip keeps contact with the sheath to provide quick response time. A layer of

Tuesday, September 24, 2019

Over-education in the graduate labour market in the UK Coursework

Over-education in the graduate labour market in the UK - Coursework Example Moreover, the people who have over education in their first job position are prone to be victims in their second, as well as their subsequent jobs. The case thus raises an implication in the schools and the policy makers to review the particulars in order to reduce the instance of the over school situation. The following paper, therefore, illustrates the situation of over education and its relation in the UK. The paper sets to explain the causes of the attainment of over education in the nation and compares the impact it has on job satisfaction. The document has a reference list at the completion in the act of authenticating the propositions therein. Most parents over the years believe in the fact that education is the key to wealth. The issues have had its roots well ground in the UK for long in that the white collar jobs have the regard of the most suitable. As a result, most people take education far-reaching and the investment in particular careers has been intense. Consequently, the attachment of advantage on who is more viable to get a particular job is as per the educational qualifications of an individual (Brief A. P., 2002, p. 279). The instance has led to the establishment of very many educational institutions in the UK that are offering undergraduate and post graduate studies. In the job market, people in possession of an undergraduate degree are at a disadvantage when enrolling with persons with a post graduate degree. The school level is thus directly proportional to the probability of acquiring a job position. Research reveals that over education is a common happening in the UK. The fact explains that most of the human resources possess job positions that do not match their educational qualifications (Hanley-Maxwell C., 2011, p. 13). A job, on the other hand, does not have the remuneration that their school level

Monday, September 23, 2019

Need to Invent an Appropriate Technique to Extract Hydrogen from Research Paper

Need to Invent an Appropriate Technique to Extract Hydrogen from Non-polluting Sources - Research Paper Example Human activities are increasing the natural levels of those gases, by emitting carbon dioxide from the burning of fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas; methane and nitrous oxide produced by agricultural activities and changes in the use of land use; and by some industrial gases that do not occur naturally but are long-lived in the atmosphere. Emissions of poisonous gases from vehicles are also constantly polluting the air. In fact, a large proportion of harmful gases in the atmosphere are being emitted from the vehicles. With the development of civilization, the rate of transportation has also increased. Today, most of the vehicles are run by fossil fuels, like petrol, diesel, coal etc. the burning of these fuels emit hazardous gases in the atmosphere and enhances the risk of global warming. In order to protect the Universes from the curse of global warming, the immediate need is to reduce the emission of those gases that are responsible for global warming. In order to red uce the emission level, the prime requirement is to discover alternative sources of energy other than fossil fuel. The vehicles, therefore also need to be run by the energy whose production does not need petrol, diesel or coal. Scientists are experimenting with several alternatives to the traditional source of energy for the vehicles. Fuel cell cars seem to be an appropriate solution to the problem of global warming.   In the last twenty years, scientific knowledge has led to the understanding that anthropogenic, human-made actions were responsible for the changes in global climate. Those changes are a consequence of the emission and accumulation of greenhouse gases on the atmosphere.  

Sunday, September 22, 2019

Kevin Stevenson retires as AASB Chair Essay Example for Free

Kevin Stevenson retires as AASB Chair Essay This media article is about the accomplishments and achievements of Kevin Stevenson regarding his retirement from Chairman of the Australian Accounting Standards Board on 30th June 2014. (Media releases, 2014) While Kevin Stevenson was in his position, he ensured the long traditions of financial reporting was being supported both internationally and domestically and that counseling was provided for the issues raised about FRC. (Media releases, 2014) Mr. Stevenson was the first to research, develop and create Accounting Standards Advisory Forum which is dealt within International Accounting Standards Board. The AASB’s Research Centre was established while Stevenson worked as the Asian-Oceanian Standard Setters Group’s chair. His leadership focus was mainly on the interest of the public. This was stated by Lynn Wood, FRC’s chair and trustee of the IFRS Foundation. Ian Mackintosh, the former Chair of the PSASB of Australia and Deputy Chair of IASB was in agreement with this statement. (Media releases, 2014) According to Mackintosh, Mr. Stevenson has largely contributed to have Asian countries to join IFRS, like Nepal and Korea. From the beginning of the 1970s, Stevenson has put all his attention in setting principal based standards and developing a Conceptual Framework to be used in financial reporting. Mr. Stevenson supported accounting regulations as it was evidenced by his organisation and also by Australian Accounting Research Foundation. He has also been appointed as a director of AARF while watching AARF grew with it’s development of regulations. He was a leader and was in the most important position when setting the international pace to develop the common accounting standards for both the public and the private sectors. (Media releases, 2014) Stevenson has contributed in the formation of the Public Sector Accounting. He took a significant role in the establishment of International Financial Reporting Standards in 2005 and this Standard has widely been used in Australia and the entire Europe. (Media releases, 2014) Concepts, ideas and facts There are two important components that need to be satisfied to offer accounting services exhibiting high efficacy and quality. These are teamwork and leadership. Management models in accounting services need to employ strategic human resource techniques to teams in accounting teams and leadership positions in order to provide high-quality services in the shortest time possible. The operation of accounting services operates under a clear and concise manner and performs its measurement. Therefore, to provide the best accounting services and not get involved in fraud accounting, there needs to be an ultramodern investigation that uses scientific leadership when working as a team with major stakeholders (Topic 2, 2014). Stevenson was leading in the right direction by using new techniques in accounting. These techniques of accounting were important steps which need leaders with efficient skills to apply concepts like efficacy, cost benefit analysis, economies of scale and cost-effectiveness analysis that will progressively measure improvement. To resolve a core issue of the organization and get a competent solution, it is important to acquire efficient leadership. Strategic leadership in accounting provides quality and up to date accounting services to an organization. Leadership like that of Stevenson, brings together all of the incomplete system consisting of thousands of accountants working within a fragmented system of organizations. (Topic 7, 2014) Advanced fraud investigation is developed through effective teamwork and leadership in accounting. Leaders’ decisions are encouraged to be made by considering social and moral implications so it will have a positive effect on the shareholders and customers of the organization, such as the leadership of Stevenson’s. (Topic 7, 2014) Every employee bears an ethical responsibility to act in an ethical manner and make sure that their company does is tax compliant and allows reasonable deductions. Employees should ensure that the company appropriately allocates the importance of the business activities. The Accounting Issue The best way to improve the truthfulness in accounting and financial reporting is by ensuring that ethical standards are used through efficient manners of reporting, sufficient financial management and a strong system of governance. Maintaining a right to the truth is an ethical practice in financial reporting and accounting. Both the clients and stakeholders of an organization have the right to information that is true and accurate when making any investment discussions. It is the legal obligation of any accountant to provide services that are professional and competent and this should be done within their required skills. It is a common argument that a large number of accountants do not have the ability to recognize and solve ethical dilemmas in an ethical manner. This has made it necessary to incorporate ethics education as a key element in the accounting profession. Early initiation of the inclusion of professional values and ethics should be emphasized in the accounting profession. Major issue of the article Stevenson clearly shows that ethical management and taking responsibility to act in the best interest of the company that they are providing accounting services for, relates with providing accurate and truthful records. This beneficial not only to the organization, but also to the society in general (Media releases, 2014) Management should be ethical by being honest, accurate and complete when dealing with financial data and have ethics held in place. Every employee bears the responsibility to make decisions that are wise and up to date for the future well-being of the company. The accounting standards are useful in financial reporting and accounting as they are critically examined when processed. (Topic 2 , 2014) In order to uphold the highest code of ethics, organizations should emphasize on the major functions because shareholders and customers often make their decisions based on financial and accounting reports. Mr. Stevenson’s case is a clear demonstration of the importance of legal and ethical factors in accounting and financial reporting. It is through these two issues that Mr. Stevenson was able to establish effective departments of accounting and financial reporting and design specific rules that govern general functioning of any company. Relevant topics and theories Positive Accounting Theory plans for the future and gives information of what is currently not known. Financial reporting has its history with Positive Accounting Theory applied. It has focused its major interest on various aspects of accounting techniques which has provided an informative background with in depth details of the functionality of accounting in financial reporting (Topic 2, 2014) The application of financial reporting and accounting is concerned with all the future business of a company that relates to any economic unit. There are four main ethical elements involved in accounting and financial reporting. These elements are truthfulness, objectivity, autonomy and competence and they require employees in the accounting and financial reporting profession to act independently towards the clients to whom they offer their services. They should ensure that their desire to attain better living and to acquire more wealth should not be an obstacle to their financial responsibilities. Obligations of ethics greatly affect the decisions of accounting and financial reporting. Also helps solving unfair situations that may alter information symmetry. (Topic 2, 2014) The decision by Nepal and Korea to join the IFRS was based on the financial guidelines that govern accounting and financial reporting. Every employee in the accounting and financial reporting profession, whether in a private or public company bears an ethical responsibility to act in a manner that is loyal and impartial to his or her obligation when reviewing both the financial or individual reports of an organization. It is quite normal for accountants and financial reporters to encounter possible ethical violations when working. As a result, one should maintain carefulness and desist from manipulation of financial records as this is a violation of ethical guidelines. The important elements of normative accounting theory are the integrity and being open to public scrutiny. For some companies to maintain certain public image they may receive pressure from management. Most companies in the public sector are faced with the pressure to be seen as highly successful. Consequently, it becomes an ethical concern for the company to maintain ethical reports of the company assets because the pressure from management could fail them to resist the temptation (Topic 2, 2014). Management should not manipulate the company’s financial records and alter the figures in an effort to create an image that falsely portrays the company as successful. This is often temporary because it only portrays the prosperity of the company on a short term basis before the fraud is detected by the Securities and Exchange Commission (Topic 2 , 2014). Such manipulation, which is often based on poor decision making skills aims at putting up a false image of the financial status of the company and only has negative effects on the well-being of the company. Accounting professional should by all means disregard such practices. Despite the temptation associated with manipulating financial records, management should act as the last defense tool against accounting fraud. For these reasons, accounting theories assert that companies should maintain their ethical vigilance in order to avoid any potential breach of conduct (Callahan, 2014). Every individual engaging in any activity relating to financial reporting and accounting should uphold the highest standards of ethical behavior. It is through these standards that guidelines and rules are set to guide employees in performing their professional responsibilities. Question 2 In comment letter 1, the Financial Reporting Committee of the IMA wrote this letter to express its opinion on financial accounting standards, to simply the income statement presentation by eliminating the concept of extraordinary items. The FRC is in charge of several accounting books of different companies. This basically means that FRC has the responsibility of making timely responses to statements, pronouncements, research legislation, proposals and pending legislation. Their main concern in this comment letter is the complexion of financial statements within FASB. They support the simplified financial statements adopted by the board which is easier for common people to understand CITATION Sch l 1033 (Schroder, 2014). Their support is on the elimination of very unusual items as in most times this criterion is not satisfied. Their proposal to simplify the income statement gets rid of the tedious work in the preparation of financial documents. Their support is based on the fact that the allocation of time in preparing income tax reduces to a great extend by eliminating the occurrence of other income items. They thus advocate for a thorough examination of the details of this suggested proposal CITATION Sch l 1033 (Schroder, 2014). In comment letter number 2, Marcum Accountants and Advisors write to the FASB to simplify the income statement by eliminating the concept of extraordinary items regarding the proposed accounting standards. Their letter is generally a response to several questions regarding the process of simplification of the income statement. They support the concept of elimination of extra ordinary items from the General Accounting principles. Their argument is based on where the extra ordinary items make the application difficult in accounting practice CITATION Giu14 l 1033 (Giugliano, 2014). They thus support the application for extra ordinary items in previous accounting periods. A sudden change of the rules would otherwise lead to confusion in the accounting practice CITATION Top14 l 1033 (Topic 2 , 2014). The ease of application with the proposed update makes it easy to make these recommended changes to adopt. They thus suggest the immediate adoption of the proposed update. They agree with the decision made by the board which was to comply with the principle of separate disclosure of infrequent transactions. They also suggest the importance of offering guidance on deciding the unusual item. CITATION Giu14 l 1033 (Giugliano, 2014) Proper definitions should be provided of the unusually occurring items. In comment letter 3, Ford Motor Company also writes supporting the simplification of financial report assessed and initiated by FASB. Their agreement is based on the reasonable evaluation, identification and improvement of the generally accepted accounting principles CITATION Cal14 l 1033 (Callahan, 2014). This thus means that by reducing the complexity and simplifying the income statement, it will possibly reduce the cost of application. They are also in agreement with the board that such an update would not lead to data loss. The overall benefit would be to the end users of such financial statements. References Callahan, S. (2014). Comment Letter No. 6 (1st ed.). FORD MOTOR COMPANY. Retrieved from http://www.fasb.org/jsp/FASB/CommentLetter_C/CommentLetterPagecid=1218220137090project_id=2014-220 Callahan, S. (2014). Comment Letter No. 6 (1st ed.). FORD MOTOR COMPANY. Retrieved from http://www.fasb.org/jsp/FASB/CommentLetter_C/CommentLetterPagecid=1218220137090project_id=2014-220 Giugliano, G. (2014). Comment Letter No. 5 (1st ed.). MARCUM LLP. Retrieved from http://www.fasb.org/jsp/FASB/CommentLetter_C/CommentLetterPagecid=1218220137090project_id=2014-220 Media releases,. (2014). Kevin Stevenson retires as AASB Chair. Proposed Accounting Standards Update. (2014) (1st ed.). Retrieved from http://www.fasb.org Schroeder, N. (2014). Comment Letter No.2 (1st ed.). IMA/FRC. Retrieved from http://www.fasb.org/jsp/FASB/CommentLetter_C/CommentLetterPagecid=1218220137090project_id=2014-220 Topic 2 The role of ethics in accounting. (2014). Topic 6 International Accounting. (2014). Topic 7 Normative Accounting theories. (2014). Source document

Saturday, September 21, 2019

Plot and character outlines Essay Example for Free

Plot and character outlines Essay He also wants different colored rabbits that he can feed with the alfalfa that he will collect. Lennies dream doesnt come true as his child like nature means that he tries to stroke Curlys wifes hair and not wanting her to scream he breaks her neck. He then flees to the brush where George told him to hide if anything went wrong. George wanting to protect Lennie from the pain of being hung decides instead to shoot him in the back of the head similar to the way Candys dog was so mercilessly killed. Another character who has a dream is Candy. Candy is a decrepit old man who is described as a swamper who lost his hand at the end of his useful life on the ranch. He wishes to join George and lennie to escape the ranch. His dream is to join George and lennie and seeks security in his old age. He is desperate and determined to make it happen as he is afraid he will end up like his dog as he will be sacked as soon as he becomes too old to do any work. Candy is considered useless as he only has one hand I got hurt four years ago theyll can me pretty soon. Candys only friend on the ranch was his dog who was shot and so he seeks company and doesnt want to be lonely any more, wants company in his old age I wont have no place to go, an I cant get no more jobs Candys dream doesnt come true as he has to abandon his plans as lennie is killed and George has to leave town as many of the men at the ranch believe that he might have been conspiring with lennie. At this Candy,s American dream is crushed. The next character who dreams is Crooks. He is a black stable hand, lives by himself in the harness room, a shed attached to the barn. Injured when a horse kicked him, Crooks has a body that is bent to the left because of his crooked spine. The stable hand has many horse care items in his room, as well as personal belongings he keeps because he is a more permanent tenant. He is a proud man but he feels segregated from the other guys and so spends most of his time in his room reading. He used to own his own hand but he lost it He dreams of one day being accepted and being able to sit in the bunk house and play cards he wants to be able to fit in and find his own place in society, have somebody that he can talk to A guy needs somebody to be near him. A guy goes nuts if he aint got nobody. He wanted to join George and Lennie but he pulls out after George finds out that Lennie and candy have been talking to crooks about the land and Crooks wanting to avoid disappointment decides that it is best he pulls out as George is not happy. Curlys wife also has a dream. Curlys wife is a seductive, pretty woman who not happy with her marriage to curly seeks excitement and a new life A show came through, an I met one of the actors. He says I could go with that show. But my ol lady wouldnt let me If Id went, I wouldnt be livin like this, you bet. she doesnt like Curlys and says he is a mean guy she is also happy when Lennie breaks Curlys hand as she says its good you busted curly up. Her dream is to become a big movie star as she makes reference to Nother time I met a guy, an he was in pitchers he says he was gonna put me in the movies. Says I was a natural. Soons he get back to Hollywood he was gonna write to me about it I never got that letter I always thought my ol lady stole it. Her dream was to go on stage and entertain as she also tried to run away with the circus A show came through, an I met one of the actors. He says I could go with that show. But my ol lady wouldnt let me If Id went, I wouldnt be livin like this, you bet. this makes reference to the fact that she is lonely as the only woman on the ranch and resents her life. Curlys wife trys to leave the ranch when she comes across lennie and they get talking, she lets Lennie touch her hair but he gets carried away and ends up killing her. Her dreams of fame and belonging are dashed as she dies before she gets the chance to leave the ranch. The last character who has a dream is Curly. He is the boss son, a young, pugnacious character, once a semi-professional boxer. He is described by others, with some irony, as handy. He is very jealous and protective of his wife and immediately develops a dislike toward Lennie. He is married but his marriage is a shame as his wife feels lonely and spends half her time supposedly looking for curly. His wife could be described as a promiscuous as she seems to take a interest in the other men on the ranch. Curly is a small guy and doesnt like big guys, like all small guys, he dont like big guys His dream was to become a professional boxer but he had to stay on the ranch, he feels insecure and possessive of his wife, as she has a promiscuous personality. Seems like Curly is cockier than ever since he got married. His dreams were dashed as he had to stay on the ranch and was not allowed to follow his dream, this may be why he is so bitter and angry . He also cannot even keep his wife as she seems to wander off a lot. His dreams are further crushed as his hand is badly damaged in a fight with Lennie. As his hand is broken he will never be able to fight again, as well as the shame of being beaten by someone who is considered to be mentally handicapped really damaged his reputation. To sum up, most the characters in the book have a dream of some sort. All of the characters dreams in the book of mice and men do not come true . Lennie and Georges dream is slashed by Lennie killing Curlys wife and her dreams are slashed as she is killed but Curlys wife dose finally decide to leave Curly which was part of her dream. Candys dream dies with Lennie as George is not interested in the farm anymore. Crooks had his dream when he used to own his own bit of land but it was taken away from him and so his dream was crushed. They chased their dreams but none of them came true which has reference to the American dream which many people chased but most never achieve. By marc di-trolio Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE John Steinbeck section.

Friday, September 20, 2019

Effect Of Tailor Made Technique Nursing Essay

Effect Of Tailor Made Technique Nursing Essay Children are members of families, communities, populations and overall society, which shape the context, experiences, and opportunities of their lives. Thus, their wellbeing is inextricably linked to the well-being of their families, communities and the society in which they live. Hospitalization of children is for acute or chronic conditions. Many factors contribute to the distress of young children during hospitalization, and existing fears and emotions may be intensified with prolonged hospitalization. Children become anxious and normal fears are exacerbated when they think about being in pain, harmed, or mutilated in some way or being separated from parents (Nicki and Barbara, 2007). Cannulation causes moderate or severe pain and fear in a substantial number of children and adults. Pain is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage (Merskey and Bogduk, 1994). Pain relief is a human right, yet pain in children is an under-recognized problem around the world. Children not only have pain from injuries, surgery, burns, infections, and the effects of war, terrorism, and violence, but also undergo pain from many procedures and investigations used by doctors and nurses to investigate and treat disease. Fear can be explained as a state of dread, apprehension or trepidation related to the future. Fear is a major stressor among hospitalized children. According to children, insertion of needle is one of the most fearful experiences. For many people, the needle can only be a source of fear to the extent that a needle is a necessary part of the procedure that initiates a terrifying involuntary reaction of ones body. For some the fear may extend up to needle phobia,  who has thought about the nature and origin of their condition, they actually have no fear of needles at all, but may have an extreme fear of suffering the physical effects of a needle phobia reaction. Thus, these problems of a hospitalized child can be alleviated by the nurse who is directly responsible for their protection and guidance. Nurses are at high risk for liability with regard to the under treatment of pain and fear. Of all the members of the health care team, nurses spend most of the time with patients and are recognized as the patients primary pain managers. The nurse is concerned not only with providing nursing interventions to children, but also with obtaining cooperation of children to the procedures to them. This is possible for a nurse with the skill in wide variety of interventions such as therapeutic play and the use of the arts and humanities as music, drama, television etc. Some institutions have procedures for minimizing the predictable pain and fear of cannulation, especially in children. Current advances are being made to control pain by integrating both the science of pain medications and the science of the human mind. According to Brunner and Suddharth (2004), distraction is thought to reduce the perception of pain by stimulating the descending control system, resulting in fewer painful stimuli being transmitted to brain. Distraction techniques may range from simple activities, such as watching TV or listening to music, to highly complex physical and mental exercises. Topical analgesics have been one important tool in reducing and preventing pain during minor procedures. As elicited by Potter and Perry (2005), the anesthetic cream which is thickly applied is placed on the skin 15 minutes before local anesthetic infiltration or minor procedures, e.g., IV start. The Lidocaine patch is a topical analgesic effective in cutaneous pain. Three patches are placed on and around the pain site using a 12-hour on, 12-hour off schedule to avoid Lidocaine toxicity. According to Sr. Nancy (2005), hot applications can be dry heat applications or moist heat applications which may be applied either locally or generally. Hot applications have many local physiological effects on the body. One among the many local physiological effects of hot application is vasodilatation. Dilatation of vein aids in reducing the number of phlebotomy attempts. Also, the chief therapeutic use of local hot application is that it decreases pain due to ischemia, local congestion and muscle spasm. Injections of any kind can hurt! Children know this pain is predictable. How they respond to an injection depends in part of their developmental age and their previous experience. Intravenous and intramuscular injections should be given in such a manner that the children do not have time to build up their anxiety about the procedure. Tailor-made means, it has been specially designed for a particular purpose. Thus the researcher uses tailor-made technique for preschool and school-aged children who enjoy active play, during the injection the nurse can suggest distraction activities along with local analgesics agent and hot application. NEED FOR THE STUDY The leading health indicators, the healthy people 2010 provides a framework for identifying essential components of child health promotion programs, designed to prevent future health problems in our nations children (Department of health and human service, 2007). The present total population of children in the world is 2.2 billion where in India, 13.1 percent of the population that is 15, 87, 89,287 are children (Census, 2011). The Paediatric ward of Sri Ramakrishna hospital receives an average of 1414 admissions per year. Almost all of them ought to have venipuncture since it is an integral part of performing diagnostic procedures and administering therapy during a patients hospitalization. Each hospitalized child has to undergo at least a single venipuncture within every three days of hospital life. Thus, attention in relieving such pain and fear is a must. Pain is the primary complaint for which people seek medical treatments. Sr. Callista Roy (1991), defined pain within the psychological mode, as a sensory experience of acute and chronic nature, coded into the somatosensory pain pathways. Acute pain, according to Sr Callista Roy, refers to Discomfort which is intense but relatively short and reversible. Using principles from neuropsychology; Roy stated that a sensory experience such as pain involves the transmission of information from sensory pathways to the cerebral cortex. The theoretical explanation for the effectiveness of distraction lies in its ability to divert attention away from the painful stimulus. McCaul and Malott (1984) hypothesize that the brain has a limited capacity to focus attention on stimuli. Therefore, using up attentional resources while engaging in a distracting task leaves little capacity for attending to painful stimuli. The Gate Control Theory of Pain proposed by Melzack and Wall (1965, 1995) offers a physiological explanation of the effectiveness of attention diversion. In brief, the Gate Control Theory explains that pain perception can be affected by factors other than the stimulus itself. This theory suggests that pain perception is controlled by a neural mechanism or gate in the spinal cord. Depending on how the mechanism is activated, the gate can be opened or closed. When the gate is open, 8 pain signals are transmitted to the brain, and when the gate is closed, they are not. Melzack originally proposed this theory to exp lain why physically stimulating an area can lead to reduced pain perception, but later modified his theory to suggest that cognitive factors can also open or close the gate. Cognitive and behavioral processes, such as distraction, Lamaze, and self hypnosis, cartoons can close the gate to subsequent pain perception by diverting attention away from the painful stimulus and toward focal points. Neglected pain erodes a patients trust in the health care system. In 1995, the American pain society challenged all health care systems to make pain as the fifth vital sign. James Campbell, the societys President noted that, if pain were assessed with the same zeal as other vital signs, there would be a much better chance of its being treated properly .Failure to appropriately assess and treat pain is a liability issue for facilities and members of the health care team . Pain is always a source of anxiety, as well as a constant companion. Furthermore about 10% of adults in the United States have needle phobia, as intense fear of needle that triggers immediate anxiety in the most severe cases, vasovagal response can lead to shock. The phobia may intensify for most people with the minimal pain of venipuncture. The fear usually begins in childhood and it may lead to avoidance of medical care. According to Journal of Anxiety Disorders (2006), the tendency to experience pain, disgust, and  fear  of fainting during injections was associated with anxious responding to the venipuncture and a probable diagnosis of  needle  phobia. A local anesthetic, Lidocaine blocks the conduction of pain impulses and stabilizes the neuronal membranes, thereby relieving pain. The drug penetrates the skin to act locally on the damaged or dysfunctional nerves and soft tissues, underlying the site. The benefit of local mechanism of action is that, with appropriate use, there is minimal systemic absorption of Lidocaine and adverse effects such as central nervous system depression or excitation are averted .Local absorption, also results in fewer drug interactions , an important consideration ,because many people with chronic pain requires opioids, nonopioids or adjuvant analgesics. A study was conducted by C V Bellieni et al., in 2006 conducted to the children, the results of is reported in the November 28 issue of the Archives of Disease in Childhood.In this study, 69 children aged 7 to 12 years undergoing medical procedure were randomized to receive no distraction procedure (controls), active distraction by their mother, or passive distraction by a television cartoon. Both the mothers and childrens rating scores suggested that procedures performed during television watching were perceived as being less painful than procedures performed during active or no distraction. Many studies have tested the effectiveness of Eutectic Mixture of Local Analgesics (EMLA) and Lidocaine gel .Since the application of Lidocaine is one quarter the cost of EMLA cream, significant saving can be obtained if it is proven to be effective as a topical anesthetic agent. It was seen in earlier studies that, IV cannulation was easier with Lidocaine gel as compared to EMLA cream. A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study by J.B.Rose et al., (2002) of Lidocaine Iontophoresis for Paediatric venipuncture among 59 children aged 6-17 years suggested that lidocaine iontophoresis is safe in children, reduces discomfort associated with venipuncture, and increases satisfaction when compared with the placebo. Hot applications promote vasodilation. A study was conducted on effect of EMLA Cream and Application of Heat to Facilitate Peripheral Venous Cannulation in Children by Lori Huff et al., (2009). There was a significant increase in vein visualization from pre-application of heat to post application of heat with a success rate of 80% with the first time attempt of IV insertion. Therefore, application of heat counteracts the adverse effect of vasoconstriction that occurs with EMLA cream application, potentially increasing peripheral venous cannulation success rates. The Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO, 2003) has approved revised standards for pain assessment and management in hospital ambulatory and home care settings .The American pain Societys Quality improvement recommendation provides excellent foundations for meeting JCAHOs expectations which includes recognizing and treating pain properly and promising patients attentive analgesic care. On the investigators personal experience, it is observed that children are having increased pain and fear during needle-related procedures performing in Paediatric ward. This motivated the researcher to conduct a study to make venipuncture a total painless procedure. Hence Tailor-made technique was selected for the research. 1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM EFFECT OF TAILOR-MADE TECHNIQUE ON PAIN PERCEPTION AND FEAR AMONG CHILDREN UNDERGOING VENIPUNCTURE AT SRI RAMAKRISHNA HOSPITAL, COIMBATORE. 1.3. OBJECTIVES To administer Tailor-made technique among children before venipuncture. To assess the pain perception among children after administering Tailor-made technique in experimental and control group. To assess the fear among children after administering Tailor-made technique in experimental and control group. 1.4. OPERATIONAL DEFINITION 1.4.1. Effect Effect refers to the change in the level of pain perception and fear during venipuncture among children after Tailor-made technique. 1.4.2. Tailor-made Technique Tailor-made technique refers to the combination of three interventions, such as exposure of the child to cartoon animations, application of 2 % Xylocaine gel for 10 to 15 minutes and application of local heat for 2 minutes over the planned site, before venipuncture. 1.4.3. Pain Perception Pain perception means the level of pain experienced by a child during venipuncture, expressed in terms of behavioral responses in face, legs, activity, cry and consolability. 1.4.4. Fear Fear is an unpleasant feeling due to frightened situation during venipuncture among children expressed as responses in face. 1.4.5. Children Children refer to those who are between the age group of 4-12 years, who need to undergo venipuncture at the Paediatric ward of Sri Ramakrishna hospital. 1.4.6. Venipuncture Venipuncture is a needle-related procedure, in which a vein is punctured for medication administration, fluid infusion or blood sampling among children between 4 to 12 years of age at Sri Ramakrishna hospital. 1.5. CONCEPTUAL FRAME WORK Modified Weidenbachs Helping Art of Clinical Nursing Theory Modified Weidenbachs Helping Art of Clinical Nursing Theory (1964) was adopted for developing conceptual framework. The theory views nursing as an act, based on goal oriented care and closely parallels the assessment, implementation and evaluation steps of nursing process. This theory is composed of three basic elements: Identification. Ministration. Validation. 1.5.1. Identification. It involves individualization of the patient, his experiences and recognition of the patients perception of his condition. The researcher identifies the children who need to undergo venipuncture from the medical records, collects the demographic data and then plans for Tailor-made technique. 1.5.2. Ministration. It is providing the needed help. It requires the identification of the need-for-help, the selection of a helping measure appropriate to the need, and the acceptability of the help to the patient. In this study, the researcher administers the Tailor-made technique before venipuncture to the experimental group, whereas no intervention is given to the control group. 1.5.3. Validation. It is the evidence that the patients functional ability was restored as a result of the help given. In post test, the researcher assesses the level of pain and fear after the administration of Tailor-made technique and compares the effect of Tailor-made technique on pain perception and fear during venipuncture in experimental group with the level of pain perception and fear during venipuncture without Tailor-made technique in control group. 1.6. PROJECTED OUTCOME Application of Tailor-made technique reduces the pain perception and fear among children undergoing venipuncture. Review of literature Literature review refers to the activities involved in identifying or searching for information on the topic (Polit and Hungler, 1999). Literature review is an essential component to the researcher for the greater understanding of the research problem and its aspects. It provides the researcher with an opportunity to evaluate many different approaches to the problem. Thus the literature review has organised and presented under three headings. 2.1. Literature related to pain and fear during venipuncture. Cavender et al., (2004) done a study to determine the effectiveness of parental positioning and distraction on the pain,  fear, and distress of pediatric patients undergoing  venipuncture. An experimental-comparison group design was used to evaluate 43 patients (20 experimental and 23 comparisons) who were 4 to 11 years old. Experimental participants used parental positioning and distraction. All participants rated their pain and  fear; parents and  child  life specialists (CLS) rated the  childs  fear, and CLS rated the  childs distress. Self-reported pain and  fear  were highly correlated (p Anil Agarwal et al., (2005) conducted a study to evaluate the efficacy of the valsalva maneuver on pain during venous cannulation among children. In this study 75 samples were randomly assigned to 3 groups respectively. Group I was control group without intervention, group II was instructed to blow into a sphygmomanometer tubing and raise the mercury column up to 30 mm of Hg for 20 seconds and group III was instructed to press a rubber ball. After 20 seconds peripheral venous cannulation was performed. Venous cannulation pain was graded by a 4 point scale. Results showed a significant reduction in the incidence of pain in group II (72 %), whereas other two groups experienced 100 % pain. Researcher concluded that, the valsalva maneuver performed at the time of venous cannulation greatly decreases venipuncture pain. Gupta et al., (2005) carried out a prospective, randomized controlled study to evaluate the efficacy of balloon inflation on venous cannulation pain among children by Devendra. The study was conducted among 75 children aged 6-12 years who were randomly divided into three equal groups. Group I was control group with no intervention, group II was provided with distraction like pressing a ball and group III with balloon inflation. Visual analogue scale was used to assess the venipuncture pain and there was a significant reduction observed in group II and group III, when compared with group I. Visual analogue score in group III was decreased when compared with group II (p Farion et al., (2006) conducted a randomized control study to determine the effect of vapocoolant spray on pain during intravenous cannulation by among 80 children between 6-12 years. The children received either vapocoolant spray or placebo before cannulation. Children rated their pain using a 100-mm colour visual analogue scale. Parents (p = 0.04), nurses (p = 0.01) and child life specialists (p Movahedi et al., (2006) conducted a study to examine the effect of local refrigeration prior to venipuncture on pain related responses among school age children. 80 children aged 6-12 years were selected by purposive sampling. In experimental group the injection site was refrigerated for three minutes using an ice bag before venipuncture and in control group venipuncture was performed according to routine procedure. Physiological responses, behavioral responses, and subjective responses were assessed in both groups. Results showed no significant difference between two groups for physiological responses, whereas behavioral responses (p = 0.0011) and subjective responses (p = 0.0097) showed that, the test group had lower score in behavioral and subjective responses compared to the control group. The researcher concluded that the use of local refrigeration prior to venipuncture can be considered as an easy and effective intervention for reducing pain related to venipuncture. Kennedy et al., (2008) reported in an article that pain  during venipuncture and intravenous cannulation is an important source of paediatric  pain  and has a lasting impact. Older children have reported greater  pain  during follow-up and cancer-related  procedures,  if the pain  of the initial procedure was poorly controlled. Fortunately, both pharmacologic and non pharmacologic techniques have been found to reduce childrens acute  pain  and distress and subsequent negative behaviours during venipuncture. This review gives the evidence for the importance of managing paediatric procedural  pain  and methods  for reducing venous access  pain. Nilsson et al., (2008) evaluated the concurrent and construct validity and the interrater reliability of the Face, Legs, Activity, Cry and Consolability (FLACC) scale during procedural  pain  among 80 children of 5-16 years age. Children scheduled for peripheral venous cannulation of a venous port were included in this study. In 40 cases, two nurses simultaneously and independently assessed  pain  by using the FLACC scale and in 40 cases one of these nurses assessed the child. All children scored the intensity of  pain  by using the Coloured Analogue Scale (CAS) and distress by the Facial Affective Scale (FAS). Concurrent validity was supported by the correlation between FLACC scores and the childrens self-reported CAS scores during the procedure (r = 0.59, P Hess and Hall (2009) conducted a prospective study to evaluate the effect of a near-infrared light vein viewing device on the success rate of venipuncture performed by staff nurses on a paediatric surgical unit. The number of attempts, age of the patient, and time required to establish successful vascular access were recorded for 91 children and this data was compared to baseline data (n=150) previously collected on the same unit prior to the implementation of the device. The first attempt success rate for the control group was 49.3%, and for the experimental group 80.2% (p Harrison et al., (2011) conducted a randomized controlled study to assess the efficacy of sweet tasting solutions or substances for reducing needle-related procedural pain in  children  beyond one year of age. A sweet tasting solution or substance was given to 330 children  between 1 to 16 years of age randomly in experimental group. Control conditions included water, non-sweet tasting substances, pacifier,  distraction, no treatment, positioning or breastfeeding. Results for the toddlers or pre-school  children  show that in the sucrose group in one study had significantly lower cry duration and behavioral pain scores, compared with the no intervention group, while crying time did not differ between the sucrose and the no intervention group in the other study. For school-aged  children, chewing sweet gum either before, or during the procedure, did not significantly reduce pain scores.   2.2 Literature related to distraction strategy, local anesthetics and local heat. Halperin et al., (1989) conducted a double-blind, placebo-controlled study was conducted by to evaluate the effect of topical  skin anesthesia (EMLA, eutectic mixture of prilocaine and  lidocaine)   for venous, subcutaneous drug reservoir and lumbar punctures in children. Venipunctures were performed on 18  children  (6.1 to 12.2 years of age) equally divided in the study and control groups. . Pain intensity was scored by the  children  themselves, using a visual analogue scale. EMLA cream was associated with lesser pain scores than those with placebo (means +/- SD: 2.8 +/- 2.4 versus 6.8 +/- 2.1, P less than .01). A crossover trial was used in the studies of subcutaneous drug reservoir and lumbar punctures, eight  children  (6.1 to 15.1 years of age) were tested for subcutaneous drug reservoir punctures. Pain induced by this procedure was rated at 3.9 +/- 2.2 with placebo compared with 1.2 +/- 1.8 with EMLA cream (P Peretz et al., (2002) conducted a random crossover study to assess  childrens reactions while receiving a warmed  local  anesthetic solution for dental procedures (37o C; W) and to compare with one at room temperature (21o C; RT). 44 children  between the ages of 6 to 11 years were randomly assigned to receive either a W or a RT  local  anesthesia on the first visit and the alternate  local  anesthesia on the second visit. The modified Behavioral Pain Scale (BPS) was used during the injection. For subjective evaluation, the Wong-Baker FACES Pain Rating Scale (FPS) was used. Using the FPS, 19 boys ranked the experience of  local  anesthesia as a positive experience , 4 boys and all 21 girls ranked it as negative for both types (W and RT). No significant difference was found in the mean VAS scores between the room-temperature group and the warm group (23.4 +/- 21.8 and 20.8 +/- 18.9, respectively). Thus there is no advantage to  warming  local  anesthetic solu tion prior to injection. Biswas, D. (2005) conducted a study on effectiveness of four modalities (hot fomentation, glycerine Magnesium Sulphate application, and Ichthamol Magnesium Sulphate and Ichthamol Belladonna) of nursing interventions on phlebitis pain was evaluated. Ichthamol Belladonna along with hot fomentation was effective in reducing pain, erythema, swelling, induration, palpable venous cord at 0.01 as compared to Ichthamol Belladonna dressing, glycerine Magnesium Sulphate dressing and glycerine Magnesium dressing with hot fomentation. Tools included the demographic data to know the sample characteristics, phlebitis measurement chart, observation check list and visual analogue scale. The pre test mean pain score related to peripheral IV infiltration were 61.23 and post test mean pain scores were 13.27 in treatment with Ichthamol Belladonna dressing with fomentation which was found to be the most effective out of all the 4 interventions. Thus the study concluded that Ichthamol Belladonna dressing with fomentation was effective. Vangoli et al., (2005) conducted a study to investigate the presence of clown doctors on a  childs preoperative anxiety during the induction of anaesthesia and on the parent who accompanies them until he/she is asleep. There were 40 samples of 5-12 years of age who were assigned randomly to the clown group in which the  children  were accompanied in the preoperative room with the clown doctors and a parent and to the control group in which the  children  were accompanied by only 1 of his/her parents. The anxiety of the  children  in the preoperative period was measured through the Modified Yale Preoperative Anxiety Scale instrument and the anxiety of the parents was measured using State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Also, a questionnaire was developed for health professionals to obtain their opinion about the presence of clowns and a self-evaluation form was developed to be filled out by the clowns themselves about their interactions with the  child. This study shows that the presence of clowns during the induction of anaesthesia with the  childs parents was an effective intervention for managing  childrens and parents anxiety during the preoperative period. Anjum. S (2007) conducted a study on hot fomentation versus cold compress, to reveal that the pre-treatment mean score of degree of infiltration was 7.1667 and it was decreased to 0.7071 on the third day of treatment with hot fomentation. In cold compress group, pre-treatment mean score of degree of infiltration was reduced from 6.9333 to 0.7571 on the third day of cold compress treatment. The intensity of pain was reduced from severe [56.66%] to no pain [93.4%] in hot fomentation group. In cold compress group, the intensity of pain was reduced from moderate [60.0%] to no pain [86.6%]. The mean score of hot fomentation group was 6.5067 in reducing the degree of infiltration while cold compress the mean score was 6.6. The study concluded that hot fomentation better than that of cold compress. Lee (2008) done a randomized cross-over study to determine the effect of  heat  and duration of stretching on the extensibility of hamstring muscles and their electromyographic responses to passive stretch in  children  with hypertonia and severe mental retardation. There were 29 participants with ages from 4 to 13 years who randomly received 4 treatment sessions as (A)10-second stretching, (B)30-second stretching, (C) hot  pack followed by 10-second stretching, and  (D) hot  pack followed by 30-second stretching each consisting of 5 repetitions of stretching and successive treatments were separated by at least 24 hours. The distance between greater trochanter and lateral malleolus and hamstring electromyographic (EMG) activity during passive knee extension stretching were measured. Two-way ANOVA showed a larger increase in hamstring extensibility in conditions C and D (1.3 +/- 1.1 cm) than conditions A and B (0.7 +/- 0.9 cm) (P Warming  local  anesthetics has been proposed as a cost-free intervention that reduces injection pain. Hogan et al., (2011) conducted a study to determine the effectiveness of warming  local  anesthetics to reduce pain in adults and  children  undergoing  local  anesthetic infiltration into intradermal or subcutaneous tissue. 29 studies were retrieved for close examination and 19 studies met inclusion criteria. A total of 18 studies with 831 patients were included in a meta-analysis. 17 studies had

Thursday, September 19, 2019

Anthem :: essays research papers

Removing the Stains From Society The world’s creatures have always yearned for a special peace that would allow all to become equal. This peace may bring about a utopian world but reality may strike and send a message of what life is really about. Some may think of life as a time to form justice and equality amongst all yet, others think of life as a time to become a higher more authoritative person that the rest of the world. The Residential Community at Beacon Hill Friends House provides the sort of utopian community that many imagine achieving. Everything is equal in a small world like this starting from the management of food to the use of the VCR. The Residential Community at Beacon Hill Friends House has set a realistic utopian society and has not yet corrupted the uniqueness of justice and equality amongst the residents as in Anthem. A utopian society is a form of society in which there is only equality and justice for all. Many utopian societies are formed for means of shelter to those who form similar opinions of how the world should work, some for educational purposes and others for a spiritual communion. The Residential Community at Beacon Hill Friends House was formed â€Å" To advance and foster the distinctive principles of the Religious Society of Friends, to provide opportunities for the development of leadership for the Society, and especially to establish and maintain a center where members of the Society and persons sympathetic to its principles, including those pursuing programs of study at other educational institutions, whether undergraduate, graduate, or special, may meet together, and where such persons may live, and where the principles of the Society may be advanced and fostered by study and example.† This society is still successful in its mission to provide what has been stated. This c ommunity is still open and willing to accept any applicant. There are many elements that are required to maintain a utopian society such as equal chores of an everyday household. There are responsibilities of every resident from cooking food to keeping the house clean. These chores have to be just otherwise the purpose of the utopian society is corrupted. All residents have the same right as any other member of the society yet there are some rules that are to be followed to help maintain the community. This is when a form of self-government comes into action.

Wednesday, September 18, 2019

Emerson and Thoreau as Prophets of Eco-wisdom :: Biography Biographies Essays

Emerson and Thoreau as Prophets of Eco-wisdom  Ã‚  Ã‚   The major premise of transcendental eco-wisdom is that connection with nature is essential for a person's intellectual, aesthetic, and moral health and growth. One must see and experience nature intimately, whether defined as the "not-me" or as landscape, to participate in the unity of Spirit underlying its visible processes. This connectedness is the basis of the self-reliance which determines how a person lives with integrity in nature and society. Granted, the concept of self-reliance apparently devalues social concerns, including the global commitment and cooperation needed to bring about the kinds of changes that would reverse the climatic greenhouse effect, for example. Indeed, Emerson's ideas have been unfairly appropriated to justify the capitalistic exploitative excesses and insensitivity to social problems and long-term consequences that lie at the root of many of our environmental problems. However, we cannot fault Emerson and Thoreau for not imagining our current dependen ce on technology, the complexity of a largely urban economy or the ties of a global community. Yet even the notion of a self-contained Concord or Walden Pond, which might seem naive and outdated, is reflected in current ideas about eco- regionalism. By accounting for what they could not have known of our present condition, we can still find fruitful ways of understanding where humans, singly and as a species, should fit into nature. Emerson's greatest gift was lessons in seeing in and through nature and extracting symbolic meaning, yet his own intimate encounters with the nature around him were relatively rare and indirect, with few concrete traces in his writings except as occasional metaphors. He wanted his revelations from nature to be abstract and come by surprise, as did the famed mystical encounter at the beginning of his book Nature: "Crossing a bare common, in snow puddles, at twilight, under a clouded sky, without having in my thoughts any occurrence of special good fortune, I have enjoyed a perfect exhilaration. I am glad to the brink of fear." In such an experience, even the self is absorbed by a greater power: "I become a transparent eye-ball; I am nothing; I see all; the currents of the Universal Being circulate through me." The metaphor may be unfortunate, but not his faith that a single person could perceive unspeakable meanings through experiencing nature, even if only indirectly. Such possibilit ies impelled Thoreau and countless others since to mine the details and processes of nature that Emerson had generalized, looking for embedded revelations and sharing in nature's "ecstasy.

Tuesday, September 17, 2019

Employment Tribunal Essay

â€Å"Employment tribunals were established under the Industrial Training Act 1964. They were previously referred to as Industrial Tribunals, but their name was changed by s1 of the Employment Rights (Dispute Resolution) Act 1998, which took effect on 1 August 1998†³(J. Nairns,2011,p. 6). Now, HM Courts & Tribunals Service which is an executive agency of the Ministry of Justice, supervise employment tribunals. Employment tribunals are constituted on the basis of region. In England and Wales, there are 11 regional offices of the Employment Tribunals(ROETs). There is Regional Office in each region which copes with claims from applicants in that geographical area. â€Å"Any appeal from the Employment Tribunal would be heard in the EAT(Employment Appeal Tribunal), from there by the Court of Appeal and then the House of Lords†(J. Nairns,2011,p. 6). There are 9 offices of the Employment Tribunals(OETs) which are subordinating to specific ROETs where hearings occur. Nevertheless, OETs are administered by the relevant ROET under the auspices of the regional Chairman(Dennis Hunt, 2005). The jurisdiction of employment tribunals was not completely statutory until the Employment Tribunals Extension of Jurisdiction Order 1994. â€Å"When an employee is dismissed, she may well have a claim for breach of the contract of employment as well as a claim for unfair dismissal and it seemed absurd that the two claims could not both be brought in the same court. The problem was highlighted when the Wages Act 1986 was passed and apparently provided an avenue for bringing contract claims in rocketed, indicating the need for such a mechanism†(Gwyneth Pitt, 2004, p. 14). That’s why employment tribunals created. The main advantages of setting up employment tribunals are as the following: 1. speed, which minimizes time-wasting for both employees and employers; 2. cost, rather than loser has to pay all the costs, both parties need to pay their own costs; 3. informality, without wearing wigs, an unintimidating atmosphere created to assist individuals to represent themselves better; 4. flexibility, strict rules of precedent are not operated in tribunals which makes it be more flexibly in responding than courts; 5. specialization, tribunal members obtain expertise in areas of related cases, they can offer professional nowledge of varied industries, in this regard, ordinary courts cannot match; 6. relief of congestion in the ordinary courts, the workload of ordinary courts will be very heavy if all the cases of tribunals are transferred; 7. awareness of policy, tribunal members’ expertise illustrates members can understand the policy behind legislation in their own areas, and the wide discretionary power they possess permit them to put it into practice; 8. privacy, individuals may meet in private tribunals under some circumstances, thus their circumstances don’t have to be open to public. C. Elliott & F. Quinn, 2009) â€Å"Employment tribunals are usually composed of three members. They are chaired by a solicitor or barrister of seven years’ standing and then have two lay members, drawn from each side of industry†(Gwyneth Pitt, 2004, p. 13). The employment judge must obtain at least seven years career of being qualified solicitor or barrister. The appointment of the employment judge is made by the Lord Chancellor. The role of employment judge is to make decisions and offer reasons of the decisions after case hearing. They also preside over the hearing and if necessary can advise lay members on points of law and procedure†(J. Nairns, 2011, p. 373). The lay members come from industry, their appointment is made by the Secretary of State for Business, Innovation and Skills. The industrial expertise of lay members can be attribution to help them work better and be more precise in the case hearing of employment tribunal. In this regard, the panel is equivalent to be an â€Å"industrial jury†. At very beginning, caseload of Employment Tribunals was very small. However, it can hear almost every employment law matter since its jurisdiction increased. Before 1994, Employment Tribunals could only hear statutory claims while after the Employment Tribunals Extension of Jurisdiction (England and Wales) Order 1994, Employment Tribunals’ role has drastically changed that they can now hear common law claims(Richard Kinder,1999). But there are some law matters of common law they cannot cope with like matters relating to moral tights and copyright, patents, designs rights, trade marks; breach of restraint of trade covenants; breach of confidence; breach of a contract terms requiring the employer to provide for the employee; personnel injury claims. From this regard, certain employment matters still have to be tackled in the civil courts. Since judges and solicitors don’ t need to wear wigs at employment tribunals, cases needn’t to be open to public under some circumstances and employment tribunals meant to be cheap, speedy and informal, but they are not informal, actually, they are becoming increasingly legalistic. As the complexity and magnitude of employment law keeps increasing, the workload of employment tribunals increases, lawyers are now needed, thus the employment tribunals are no longer as cheap and informal as before. As to informality, anyone going to an employment tribunal expecting a cosy chat can think again, despite the injunction in the regulation that tribunals should seek to avoid formality. In general tribunals follow a procedure which is akin to the procedure of ordinary civil courts, although if either party is unrepresented the tribunal chairperson often takes a more inquisitorial role†(Gwyneth Pitt, 2004, p. 15). Government has launched certain reforms in the procedures of employment tribunals to reduce backlog and weed out weak cases, the reforms are as following: Pre-hearing review, tribunals can award up to ? 0,000 (this figure has increased to ? 20,000 on 6th April 2012) against losing parts, the Employment Act 2002. The Pre-hearing procedure increases costs employees need to pay, which effectively reduce backlog while may dissuade those with genuine claim from bringing a claim since it is may be too expensive for those dismissed employees. The opportunity for tribunals to raise costs to losing side, this will reduce weak cases but also dissuade employees from being brought actions. The Employment Act 2002 also increase the costs people need to pay if they want to bring a claim to employment tribunal. For unfair dismissal cases by the Employment Rights(Dispute Resolution) Act 1998, power of running a statutory arbitration scheme which as an alternative to the employment tribunals was given by ACAS(Gillian Phillips & Karen Scott, 2005). Rather than to an Employment Tribunal hearing, parties in the cases of unfair dismissal now are possible to agree to take their cases to arbitration. â€Å"Since the introduction of SI 2004/753 parties may agree to the appointment by ACAS of an arbitrator who will decide whether the dismissal was fair or unfair. The decision will be binding on the parties, who will not then have recourse to a tribunal hearing†(Andrew C. Bell, 2006, para. 1. 4. 3). It also reduces the workload on the employment tribunals. There are some reforms in the Employment Tribunals under the Employment Tribunals(Constitution and Rules of Procedure) Regulations 2004 (ET Regs 2004). The Employment Tribunals governed the employment tribunals from October 2004; By reg. 8 of the ET Regs 2004, the chairman of an employment tribunal must have at least seven years’ professional career as barrister or solicitor; Under reg. of ET Regs 2004, the prime objective of employment tribunals is changed to handle cases justly instead of intending to offer speed, cheap and informal means to resolve employment disputes; Tribunals get increasing emphasis on case management. Different from the past when cases were often not identified until hearing, almost all the cases are well-prepared and issues are completely well-identified before hearings; The president possesses the right in making practice directions under the reg. 13 of ET Regs 2004(James Holland & Stuart Burnett, 2007). In certain circumstance, a chairman sitting alone can consider the matter of costs. This depends on whether the issue of the costs concerns the Originating Application, or the full hearing. In the former, the Chairman can consider the matter, whilst in the latter, it is normal for the tribunal to consider the question of costs†(Dennis Hunt, 2005, p. 8). â€Å"Rule 8 (Constitution and Rules of Procedure) Regulations 2004 introduces a system of default judgements under which a tribunal chairman may, incertain circumstances, determine a case without a hearing if he or she considers it appropriate to do so. Such a judgement may decide liability alone, or liability and remedy(new rule8(3))†(Dennis Hunt, 2005, p. 9). The government will introduce fees in employment tribunals and employment appeal tribunal approximately from summer 2013. This action illustrates government’s hope that people can pay a fair contribution for the employment tribunals system they are using, or encourage people to choose alternatives to settle employment disputes. The fees vary depends on different circumstances. Employment tribunal can be dated back to its root of 1964’s industrial tribunal. The fundamental principle of this legal system is no fees apply. The forthcoming fees introduction can be a development in certain degree which combines the both sides, both for the claimant employees and the respondent employers. Nevertheless, this action will bring passive impact on employees who are in junior, unskilled, middle-ranking status, especially those without large salaries. Claimant employees will be dissuaded to bring claims to employment tribunals (Personnel Today). The initial objectives of setting employment tribunals are offering speed, cheap, and informal alternatives for claimant employees to settle employment disputes with respondent employers. The workload of employment tribunals is increasing rapidly and with bringing backload and weak cases at the same time. In 06-2005, the total workload of employment tribunals is 201,514(James Holland & Stuart Burnett,2007). In 09-2008, the total workload of employment tribunals is 266,542(Janice Nairns, 2011). From the comparison of these two data, we can directly discover that the total workload increased just a little bit within three years, and the reason of this change is reforms governments brought to employment tribunals which weed out the weak cases and also reduce the backlog of cases. Since lawyers are now needed in employment tribunals, government will introduce fees for this legal system, and pre-hearing is needed before hearing, the employment tribunals are no longer as cheap, quick and informal before. In this regard, the employment tribunals cannot play their roles effectively as they set in their times since the reforms and changes now may dissuade people with legitimate claims from bringing action, especially those people in junior, unskilled, middle-ranking status, without large salaries. David(2012)confirms the argument that over a thousand employees bring claims to Employment Tribunal, and the Employment Tribunal is regarded as the last line for employees as defence to unfairness in workplace. While the reforms and governments’ proposals of reforming Employment Tribunals have changed the situation and increase the burden of those claimant employees. In current situation, the employment tribunals can meet aggrieved employees in certain degrees, if the claimant employees have prepared enough expense and time for bringing actions to their legitimate cases.

Monday, September 16, 2019

Racism and video games Essay

Video games are not what most people would go to when they think of racial controversy, but every media medium has had their own form of controversy one that happened most recently was the release of a game called Resident Evil 5 which is centered around a guy named Chris Redfield who is basically in a FBI like group centered around killing zombies. As you may have guest this is not the first in the series of the game the series has been around for about 15 years and has had been set in many different countries and such killed many a different zombies. The creators wanted to set this particular game in Africa when the trailer was released the was a racism claim against the game because Chris is white guy going around killing black zombies it was so bad the game release date was pushed backed and slight changes were made Chris was given a black side kick named Sheva Alomar. The second trailer for the game, released on May 31, 2008, revealed a more racially diverse group of enemies, as well as Sheva, a BSAA agent who assists the protagonist. However, designer Jun Takeuchi denied that complaints about racism had any effect in altering the design of Resident Evil 5. Takeuchi commented that the game’s producers were surprised by the controversy. In an interview with MTV, he explained that Capcom’s staff is racially diverse, and acknowledged that various cultures may have had different opinions on the trailer. In an interview with Computer and Video Games, producer Masachika Kawata also commented on the issue, stating, â€Å"We can’t please everyone. We’re in the entertainment business – we’re not here to state our political opinion or anything like that. It’s unfortunate that some people felt that way. † Well personally as a person of African American decent while me personally is not offended I can see where some people can be somewhat offended but it’s set in Africa what type of zombies do you think Chris is going kill. There just zombies not salves and he is not going around raping and lynching people. I personally think as far as video game African Americans are more or less symbolically annihilated rather than video games having racist tendencies toward us as a race of people. And what I mean by that is you don’t really see that many black people in video game as main characters. There are a few, Cj from Grand theft Auto 3 San Andreas Is one that comes to mind but his game is full of stereotypes about the â€Å"Hood† And I’m not going to sit here and lie I played this game and enjoyed it back in middle school. As far I know there are only a few truly without a doubt racist games one them being Custer’s Revenge In the game, the player controls the character of General George Armstrong Custer, depicted as a man wearing nothing but a cavalry hat, boots, and a bandana, sporting a visible erection. Custer has to overcome arrow attacks to reach the other side of the screen. His goal is to have sex with a naked, large-breasted Native American woman named Revenge. (And Yes This Game Dose Exist but it was released back on the Atari 2600 in the 80’s here a wikiapiea link http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Custer’s_Revenge ) Even with this game it’s was not licensed by Atari and nor did Atari have anything to do with its production. The video game medium has become a very big part of media and I do not think that anyone in their right mind would even think of releasing anything racially offensive to anyone if they want to keep making the multimillions that they continue to make. As I stated earlier I would say that video game would more likely be a candidate for social annihilation more anything else I would like to more black people in video games kicking butt and taking names and so far we have a few but not as much as I would like well I guess it’s just more of a personal preference than anything else.

Sunday, September 15, 2019

The Holy Quran

The Holy Quran is divided into 30 parts, each one is called â€Å"Seepara†. It has 114 sections or chapters which are called â€Å"Surahs†. Each Chapter of unequal length, consists of individual â€Å"Ayat† or verses. These verses are not decided by human beings, but dictated by God. There are in total 6,666 verses in the Holy Quran. Surah al Baqarah (Ch.2 ) is the longest Chapter comprising 287 verses while Surah al Kauthar( Ch. 108) is the shortest with only four verses including the tasmia. Out of the 114 Surahs, 85 Surahs were revealed in Mecca while 29 Surahs were revealed in Madinah.? Introduction of Surah Al Fatiha: Surah al-Fatiha is the first chapter of the Quran. The word â€Å"Fatiha† comes from the verb â€Å"Fataha† which means â€Å"to open†. â€Å"Al† is a defined article and Fatiha means the opening Surah.It consists of 7 verses, 29 words and 139 letters. It belongs to Juz? 1.There are various names of Surah Al Fatiha such as Umm al-Qur'an, the Mother of the Qur'an, and Umm al-Kitab, the Mother of the Book because the meaning of the entire Qur'an is summarised therein. It is also named Sab'ulMathani, (the Seven Often Repeated Verses), Al-Hamd, (the Praise), Al-Shifa (The Cure) and ArRuqya, the Spiritual Cure. Its recitation is a condition for the effectiveness of the prayer.It is mecci surah and It was initially the 5th chapter to be disclosed but after Furqan e Hameed was assembled together, it was put at the beginning. Al-Fatiha itself means â€Å"The Opening† as this chapter comes right at the start of the Holy Book and serves as a Gateway to read Quran Majeed further. Theme of Surah: The Surah is prayer to Almighty Allah for guidance from bad deeds and to guide us to the straight path, the path of authentic and true muslims which only Allah can grant us. Allah is the most magnificent and bountiful He alone should be asked for help and He has bestowed countless favours on His creation. He is supreme justice and everybody will have to answer Him of their every good or bad deed on the Day of Judgment. Supplication is the core to worship and The Holy Quran encourages the believers for petitioning. â€Å"And your Lord said, Invoke me, I will respond to your supplications. Allah always protect His creation from going on the path of evils.? Virtues of Surah Al Fatiha: †¢ It is a Pillar of Salah;This Surah is very important because without its recitation of prayers become invalid. †¢ The greatness of this Surah is described in the following Hadith;†Do you want me to teach you a Surah the like of which has not been revealed in the Torah, the Injeel, the Zabur, nor the Quran?†, and also asked what He recited in His prayers. He replied Umm-ul-Quran (Surah Fatiha) the Prophet (PBUH) proclaimed, ‘By Him in Whose dominion my soul is, nothing like it has been revealed in the Torah, the Gospel, the Psalms, or the Quran and it is seven of the oft-repeated verses in the Mighty Quran which I have been given.† (Tirmidhi) †¢ It is Cure of diseases and cure for Heart;†You (Oh Allah) we worship and from you do we seek help†. (Ibn Qayim). †¢ Hazrat Abu Saeed al-Khudri narrates;†While on a journey we halted at a place. A girl came to us and said: â€Å"The chief of this tribe has been stung by a scorpion and our men are not present, is there anybody amongst you who can recite something upon him to treat him?† Then, one of our men went along with her although we did not think that he knew any such treatment. However, our friend went to the chief and recited something upon him and the chief was cured. Thereupon, the chief gave him thirty sheep and gave us all milk to drink. When he returned, we asked our friend: â€Å"Did you know anything to recite upon him to cure him?† He said: â€Å"No, I only recited Umm al-Kitab (i.e. Surah al-Fatiha) upon him.† We said that do not do anything until we reach Madinah and ask the Prophet regarding this (practice and rewardwhether the sheep were lawful or not for us). Upon reaching Madinah, we narrated this to the Prophet (PBUH), whereupon he remarked: â€Å"How did he come to know that Al-Fatiha can be used as a cure? (PBUH) Distribute your reward amongst yourselves and a lot a share for me as well†.† (Sahih Bukhari).†¢ Light sent from heaven;An Angel addressed the Prophet (SAW) saying,†Rejoice in two lights brought to you which have not been brought to any prophet before you, Al-Fatiha and the last verses of Al- Baqarah†. Ibn ‘Abbas narrated:†While Jibril was with the Messenger of Allah, he heard a noise from above. Jibril lifted his sight to the sky and said: â€Å"This is a door in the Heavens being opened, and it has never been opened before now.† An Angel descended from that door and came to the Prophet and said: â€Å"Receive the glad tidings of two lights that you have been given, which no other Prophet before you was given: the Opening of the Book (Al Fatiha) and the last verses of ‘al-Baqarah. ‘ You will not read a letter of them except that you will gain its benefit.† (Sahih Muslim).B. Tafseer of Surah Al Fatiha The Verses of the Surah areâ€Å"In The Name of Allah, The Beneficent, The Merciful.†Ã¢â‚¬Å"(All) praise is (only) Allah's, the Lord of the Worlds.†Ã¢â‚¬Å"The Beneficent, The Merciful.†Ã¢â‚¬Å"Master of the Day of Judgement.†Ã¢â‚¬Å"Thee (alone) do we worship and of Thee (only) do we seek help.†Ã¢â‚¬Å"Guide us (O' Lord) on the Straight Path.†Ã¢â‚¬Å"The path of those upon whom Thou hast bestowed Thy bounties, not (the path) of those inflicted with Thy wrath, nor (of those) gone astray.â€Å"In The Name Of ALLAH:The first ayah of Surah Fatiha is: In the name of Allah, the Beneficent, the Most Merciful. (Al-Fatiha: 1) This phrase is known as the bismillah. It is good to recite it before doing any action. The meaning of letter Baa:The Baa in the Arabic language can have three different meanings:With – With / In th e name of AllahSeeking help – Seeking help of the name of AllahSeeking blessing – Seeking blessing with the name of AllahThe meaning of Al Rehman and Al Raheem:Both these names are derived from the same root letters: raa, haa, meem; which means to have mercy. They are thus similar in meaning and both are connected to Allah's (SWT) Mercy.The fact that Allah (SWT) mentions two of His Names which have to do with Mercy, rather than Might and Power or so on, shows just how important this Attribute is. The difference between al-Rahman and al-Raheem is that al-Rahman refers to Allah's (SWT) Mercy to all of creation. It is His Mercy which is extended to both believers and disbelievers; animals, and everything that exists. He says in the Qur'an: My Mercy encompasses all things. (Al-A'raf: 156) Al-Rahman therefore indicates the extreme vastness of Allah's (SWT) Mercy. It is mentioned in a hadith that Allah (SWT) divided Mercy into 100 parts and sent down only one part to this dunya. It is from this one part of His Mercy that animals show mercy to their offspring (Sahih Muslim).Al-Raheem refers to Allah's (SWT) Mercy which is specific for the believers. He says in the Qur'an: And He is Full of Mercy to the Believers. (al-Ahzab: 43) al-Raheem therefore indicates the doing of an action.All praise is due to ALLAH:The second ayah is: All praise be to Allah, the Lord of all the worlds. (Al-Fatiha: 2) The Meaning of Hamd and the Difference between Hamd and Shukr Hamd means praise and also thankfulness. The scholars differed as to the relation between the words hamd and shukr. Some said that they both have the same meaning. So, the meaning of hamd, in their view, is the same as shukr (thankfulness, gratitude). Hamd is something which must be done with love and reverence, but shukr does not need this. Shukr is done in response to a favour which is done to a person but hamd is done simply because the one being praised and thanked is worthy of that.The meaning of Rabb:Rabb is usually translated as Lord but it is much more encompassing than that. It also includes the meaning of Nurturer, Sustainer, Cherisher and so on. The Rabb is the creator, king, master and the one who controls everything. It comes from the root letters raa, baa, baa: which means to have mastery and control over something.The Beneficent and Most Merciful:The explanation of these two names has already been given. Why then is it repeated? This is to once again emphasis the importance of the quality of mercy. Also, when something is repeated in the Qur'an, then you should look at the ayah before it and after it, to see how they are related. In this case, the previous ayah mentioned that Allah (SWT) is the Rabb of all the worlds. So, His repeating the words, al-Rahman al-Raheem after that, shows us that His being the Rabb – His taking of and sustaining and providing for us – is all part of His Mercy towards us. Master of Day of Judgement:God is the Lord of the Day when all generations of mankind gather together on order to render an account of their conduct, and when each person will be finally rewarded or punished for his deeds. The description of God as Lord of the Day of Judgement following the mention of his benevolence and compassion indicates that we ought to remember another aspect of God as well-namely, that He will judge us all, that He is so absolutely powerful, that on the Day of Judgement no one will have the power either to resist the enforcement of punishments that He decrees or to prevent anyone from receiving the rewards that He decides to confer. Hence, we ought not only to love Him for nourishing and sustaining us and for His compassion and mercy towards us, but should also hold Him in awe because of His justice, and should not forget that our ultimate happiness or misery rests completely with Him.Guides us on the Straight path:This ayah is a dua which we make to Allah (SWT). We ask Him to show us the Straight Path and to guide us on it, so that we will get His Guidance which draws us closer and nearer to Him. We need to struggle towards Allah (SWT) by doing good deeds and by staying away from all bad deeds which will distance us from Him.The meaning of Siraat and mustaqeem:Siraat is a road or path. The conditions are that it must be straight. It must reach the goal and it must be the shortest route to get there. It must also be wide and spacious enough for everyone who wants to travel it.Mustaqeem is derived from istaqaama, which means to be straight, upright, correct. We already said that for a road to be a sirat it must be straight, so this adjective of mustaqeem again emphasis the straightness of this Path. Another meaning of mustaqeem is to remain firm or to stand firm without tilting. For example, a tree that is firmly grounded when the wind blows it is not affected by it. So, the Straight Path is a path on which people are firmly grounded.The Path of Those:The path of those you have blessed, not of those with anger on them, nor of those who are astray. (Al-Fatiha: 7) Who are the people who have been blessed by Allah (SWT) and whose Path we ask to guide to? This is explained by Allah (SWT) in another ayah where He says: Whosoever obeys Allah, and the Messenger, they are with those whom Allah has favored, the Prophets, the sincere, the martyrs and the righteous, and these are the best company. (Al-Nisa': 69) So, the favored and blessed people are the Prophets, the righteous, the martyrs and the pious. And who are the people with anger on them and those who are astray? This is explained by the Prophet. ‘Adi ibn Hatim (RA) asked him about those with anger on them and he replied that it refers to the Jews. He then asked him about those who are astray and he replied that it refers to the Christians. This is reported by al-Tirmidhi and is authentic.C. Impact of Surah Al-Fatiha on the life of a Muslim as servant of Allah.We start all our deeds with the name of Allah Almighty. Since he is the most merciful and beneficent.We should ask Allah Almighty for his mercy and benefits.So a believer becomes solely dependent of Allah Almighty and does not seek help or refuge from anybody else.We should praise Allah Almighty for he is our creator and of the universe. So a believer praises Allah Almighty since he is the creator of everything.Since Allah Almighty is the master of the Day of Judgment so a believer asks Allah Almighty for forgiveness.A Believer asks Allah Almighty to put him on the path of pious people and help be among the ones who were rewarded and not the ones who went astray.